KnowledgebaseMathProgramming

Mathematical Unicode Characters

Unicode includes over 2,000 math-related characters — from simple superscripts and fractions to full Greek alphabets and advanced calculus operators.

How to Use Unicode in Any Environment (Quick Rules)

Examples (using U+2212 MINUS SIGN −):

  • HTML (safe everywhere) Decimal: − Hex: −
  • CSS \2212 (1–6 hex digits; add a space if next char is alphanumeric)
  • JavaScript (ES6+) \u{2212}
  • JavaScript / JSON (legacy) \u2212
  • Python \u2212 or \U00002212 (always valid)
  • Regex (PCRE) \x{2212}
  • SQL (PostgreSQL) U&'\2212'
  • SQL (MySQL / SQL Server / SQLite) NCHAR(8722)
  • Shell (ANSI‑C quoting) $'\u2212'
Syntax FormSystems
&#xHHHH; / &#D;HTML, XML, SVG, SGML
\HHHHCSS (1–6 digits, space to terminate)
\u{HHHH}JS ES6+, PHP, Ruby, Rust, Swift, PowerShell
\uHHHHJS ES5, Java, Kotlin, C#, JSON, Go, Scala
\UHHHHHHHHPython, Go, C, C++ (8-digit, capital U)
\x{HHHH}PCRE Regex, PHP preg_match
$'\uHHHH'Bash/Shell (ANSI-C quoting)
U&'\HHHH'PostgreSQL
CHAR(D) / NCHAR(D)MySQL, SQLite, SQL Server (decimal)
%XX%XX%XXURL percent-encoding (UTF-8 bytes)

𝚫 U+1D6AB

Mathematical Superscripts

Superscript characters render above the baseline — ideal for exponents, powers, footnote markers, and ordinal suffixes without needing HTML <sup> tags.

SymbolUnicodeHTML EntityUsage / Description
U+2070&#8304;Superscript zero
¹U+00B9&sup1; / &#185;Superscript one; first power
²U+00B2&sup2; / &#178;Superscript two; squared
³U+00B3&sup3; / &#179;Superscript three; cubed
U+2074&#8308;Superscript four
U+2075&#8309;Superscript five
U+2076&#8310;Superscript six
U+2077&#8311;Superscript seven
U+2078&#8312;Superscript eight
U+2079&#8313;Superscript nine
U+207A&#8314;Superscript plus sign
U+207B&#8315;Superscript minus; negative exponents (e.g., x⁻¹)
U+207C&#8316;Superscript equals
U+207D&#8317;Superscript left parenthesis
U+207E&#8318;Superscript right parenthesis
U+207F&#8319;Superscript letter n; used in xⁿ
U+2071&#8305;Superscript letter i; imaginary unit contexts
U+1D43&#7491;Superscript letter a
U+1D47&#7495;Superscript letter b
U+1D9C&#7580;Superscript letter c
U+1D48&#7496;Superscript letter d
U+1D49&#7497;Superscript letter e; Euler’s number notation
U+1DA0&#7584;Superscript letter f
U+1D4D&#7501;Superscript letter g
ʰU+02B0&#688;Superscript letter h
ʲU+02B2&#690;Superscript letter j
U+1D4F&#7503;Superscript letter k
ˡU+02E1&#737;Superscript letter l
U+1D50&#7504;Superscript letter m
U+1D52&#7506;Superscript letter o
U+1D56&#7510;Superscript letter p
ʳU+02B3&#691;Superscript letter r
ˢU+02E2&#738;Superscript letter s
U+1D57&#7511;Superscript letter t
U+1D58&#7512;Superscript letter u
U+1D5B&#7515;Superscript letter v
ʷU+02B7&#695;Superscript letter w
ˣU+02E3&#739;Superscript letter x
ʸU+02B8&#696;Superscript letter y
U+1DBB&#7611;Superscript letter z

Mathematical Subscripts

Subscript characters sit below the baseline — used for chemical formulas, variable indices, and mathematical notation.

SymbolUnicodeHTML EntityUsage / Description
U+2080&#8320;Subscript zero; base index
U+2081&#8321;Subscript one; x₁ variable notation
U+2082&#8322;Subscript two; H₂O
U+2083&#8323;Subscript three; CO₃
U+2084&#8324;Subscript four
U+2085&#8325;Subscript five
U+2086&#8326;Subscript six
U+2087&#8327;Subscript seven
U+2088&#8328;Subscript eight
U+2089&#8329;Subscript nine
U+208A&#8330;Subscript plus
U+208B&#8331;Subscript minus
U+208C&#8332;Subscript equals
U+208D&#8333;Subscript left parenthesis
U+208E&#8334;Subscript right parenthesis
U+2090&#8336;Subscript letter a
U+2091&#8337;Subscript letter e
U+2092&#8338;Subscript letter o
U+2093&#8339;Subscript letter x; xₓ
U+2094&#8340;Subscript schwa
U+2095&#8341;Subscript letter h
U+2096&#8342;Subscript letter k
U+2097&#8343;Subscript letter l
U+2098&#8344;Subscript letter m
U+2099&#8345;Subscript letter n; xₙ
U+209A&#8346;Subscript letter p
U+209B&#8347;Subscript letter s
U+209C&#8348;Subscript letter t

Fractions

Pre-composed fraction characters — display as single glyphs without any markup.

SymbolUnicodeHTML EntityUsage / Description
½U+00BD&frac12;One half
U+2153&#8531; &frac13;One third
U+2154&#8532; &frac23;Two thirds
¼U+00BC&frac14;One quarter
¾U+00BE&frac34;Three quarters
U+2155&#8533; &frac15;One fifth
U+2156&#8534; &frac25;Two fifths
U+2157&#8535; &frac35;Three fifths
U+2158&#8536; &frac45;Four fifths
U+2159&#8537; &frac16;One sixth
U+215A&#8538; &frac56;Five sixths
U+215B&#8539; &frac18;One eighth
U+215C&#8540; &frac38;Three eighths
U+215D&#8541; &frac58;Five eighths
U+215E&#8542; &frac78;Seven eighths
U+2150&#8528; &frac17;One seventh
U+2151&#8529; &frac19;One ninth
U+2152&#8530; One tenth
U+215F&#8543;Fraction numerator one

Arithmetic Operators

Core operators for arithmetic expressions — beyond the standard keyboard + and −.

SymbolUnicodeHTML EntityUsage / Description
+U+002B&plus; &#x002B;Plus sign (standard)
U+2044&frasl; &#8260;Fraction slash
U+2212&minus; &#8722;Minus sign (proper typographic minus, not hyphen)
×U+00D7&times;Multiplication sign
⁢⁢U+2062&InvisibleTimes; &#8290; &#x2062;Invisible multiplication sign
÷U+00F7&divide; div;Division sign
±U+00B1&plusmn;Plus-or-minus; tolerances, ranges
U+2213&#8723; &mnplus;
&MinusPlus;
&mp;
Minus-or-plus
U+2215&#8725;Division slash
U+2219&#8729;Bullet operator; dot product shorthand
U+22C5&#8901; &#x22c5; &sdot;Dot operator; scalar multiplication (a⋅b)
U+2217&#8727;Asterisk operator; convolution, complex conjugate
U+221A&radic; &Sqrt;Square root
U+221B&#8731;Cube root
U+221C&#8732;Fourth root
U+221D&#8733;Proportional to
U+221E&infin; &#8734;Infinity
%U+0025%Percent
U+2030&permil;Per mille (per thousand)
U+2031&#8241; &pertenk;Per ten thousand
U+2236&#8758;Ratio (typographic colon for a∶b)

Notation Modifiers / Derivative Marks

SymbolUnicodeHTML EntityUsage / Description
U+2034&prime;Prime
U+2033&Prime;Double prime
U+2034&tprime;Triple prime

Relational & Comparison Operators

Used to express equality, inequality, ordering, and approximation between values.

SymbolUnicodeHTML EntityUsage / Description
=U+003D=Equals
U+2260&ne;Not equal to
<U+003C&lt;Less than
>U+003E&gt;Greater than
U+2264&le;Less than or equal to
U+2265&ge;Greater than or equal to
U+226A&#8810;Much less than
U+226B&#8811;Much greater than
U+2248&asymp;Approximately equal to
U+2249&#8777;Not approximately equal to
U+2261&equiv;Identical to / triple equals
U+2262&#8802;Not identical to
U+2245&#8773;Approximately equal (congruent)
U+2243&#8771;Asymptotically equal to
U+223C&#8764;Tilde operator; similar to / distributed as
U+2241&#8769;Not tilde (not similar)
U+2272&#8818;Less than or equivalent to
U+2273&#8819;Greater than or equivalent to
U+2276&#8822;Less than or greater than
U+2277&#8823;Greater than or less than
U+227A&#8826;Precedes
U+227B&#8827;Succeeds
U+228F&#8847;Square image of
U+2290&#8848;Square original of
U+2291&#8849;Square image of or equal to
U+2292&#8850;Square original of or equal to

Calculus & Analysis

Symbols used in differential calculus, integral calculus, series, and mathematical analysis.

SymbolUnicodeHTML EntityUsage / Description
U+2202&part;Partial derivative
U+222B&int;Integral
U+222C&#8748;Double integral
U+222D&#8749;Triple integral
U+222E&oint;Contour integral (closed loop)
U+222F&#8751;Surface integral
U+2230&#8752;Volume integral
U+2211&sum;Summation (sigma)
U+220F&prod;Product notation (pi product)
U+2210&#8720;Coproduct
U+2206&#8710;Increment / Laplacian (Delta)
U+2207&nabla;Nabla / del / gradient operator
U+221E&infin;Infinity
U+2113&#8467;Script small l; length / litre / quantum number
U+210F&#8463;h-bar; reduced Planck constant
εU+03B5&epsilon;Epsilon; small positive quantity in limits
δU+03B4&delta;Delta; small change, Dirac delta
lim(text)limLimit notation (use with subscript)
dU+0064dDifferential d (roman d for dx, dy notation)

Logic & Set Theory

Symbols for propositional logic, predicate logic, and set operations.

SymbolUnicodeHTML EntityUsage / Description
U+2200&forall;For all (universal quantifier)
U+2203&exist;There exists (existential quantifier)
U+2204&#8708;There does not exist
¬U+00AC&not;Logical NOT
U+2227&and;Logical AND (conjunction)
U+2228&or;Logical OR (disjunction)
U+2295&#8853;Exclusive OR (XOR); direct sum
U+2297&#8855;Tensor product; XOR in some notations
U+2299&#8857;Circled dot; XNOR / direct product
U+229E&#8862;Squared plus
U+229F&#8863;Squared minus
U+2208&isin;Element of; membership
U+2209&notin;Not an element of
U+220B&ni;Contains as member (∋ reversed ∈)
U+220C&#8716;Does not contain as member
U+222A&cup;Union
U+2229&cap;Intersection
U+2282&sub;Subset of (proper)
U+2283&sup;Superset of (proper)
U+2286&sube;Subset of or equal to
U+2287&supe;Superset of or equal to
U+2284&#8836;Not a subset of
U+2285&#8837;Not a superset of
U+2205&empty;Empty set
U+2216&#8726;Set minus / set difference
U+25B3&#9651;Symmetric difference (triangle)
U+2234&there4;Therefore
U+2235&#8757;Because / since
U+22A2&#8866;Turnstile; proves / entails
U+22A3&#8867;Reverse turnstile
U+22A4&#8868;Tautology / top element (True)
U+22A5&perp;Contradiction / bottom element (False)
U+22A8&#8872;Models / semantic entailment
U+22AC&#8876;Does not prove

Greek Letters — Lowercase

Greek letters are fundamental to mathematics, physics, and engineering notation.

SymbolUnicodeHTML EntityCommon Math Usage
αU+03B1&alpha;Alpha — angle, coefficient, significance level
βU+03B2&beta;Beta — angle, beta distribution, beta function
γU+03B3&gamma;Gamma — Euler–Mascheroni constant, gamma function
δU+03B4&delta;Delta — small change, Dirac delta, Kronecker delta
εU+03B5&epsilon;Epsilon — arbitrarily small value, permittivity
ζU+03B6&zeta;Zeta — Riemann zeta function ζ(s)
ηU+03B7&eta;Eta — efficiency, Dedekind eta function
θU+03B8&theta;Theta — angle, polar coordinate
ϑU+03D1&thetasym;Theta symbol variant
ιU+03B9&iota;Iota — index variable, imaginary unit (rare)
κU+03BA&kappa;Kappa — curvature, thermal/electrical conductivity
λU+03BB&lambda;Lambda — eigenvalue, wavelength, lambda calculus
μU+03BC&mu;Mu — mean, micro- (prefix), dynamic viscosity
νU+03BD&nu;Nu — frequency, kinematic viscosity
ξU+03BE&xi;Xi — random variable, correlation length
οU+03BF&omicron;Omicron — big-O notation informal
πU+03C0&pi;Pi — ratio of circumference to diameter (≈3.14159)
ϖU+03D6&piv;Pi variant / pomega
ρU+03C1&rho;Rho — density, spectral radius, correlation
ςU+03C2&sigmaf;Sigma (word-final form)
σU+03C3&sigma;Sigma — standard deviation, summation operator
τU+03C4&tau;Tau — time constant, shear stress, τ = 2π
υU+03C5&upsilon;Upsilon — gravitational potential (rare)
φU+03C6&phi;Phi — golden ratio φ = (1+√5)/2, potential, angle
ϕU+03D5&#981;Phi variant — Euler’s totient function ϕ(n)
χU+03C7&chi;Chi — chi-squared distribution χ²
ψU+03C8&psi;Psi — wave function, digamma function
ωU+03C9&omega;Omega — angular frequency, ordinal omega

Greek Letters — Uppercase

SymbolUnicodeHTML EntityCommon Math Usage
ΑU+0391&Alpha;Alpha (uppercase) — rarely used alone in math
ΒU+0392&Beta;Beta (uppercase)
ΓU+0393&Gamma;Gamma function Γ(n); gamma matrix
ΔU+0394&Delta;Delta — finite difference, discriminant, Laplacian
ΕU+0395&Epsilon;Epsilon (uppercase)
ΖU+0396&Zeta;Zeta (uppercase)
ΗU+0397&Eta;Eta (uppercase)
ΘU+0398&Theta;Theta — Big-Θ asymptotic notation
ΙU+0399&Iota;Iota (uppercase)
ΚU+039A&Kappa;Kappa (uppercase)
ΛU+039B&Lambda;Lambda — wavelength matrix, lambda calculus
ΜU+039C&Mu;Mu (uppercase)
ΝU+039D&Nu;Nu (uppercase)
ΞU+039E&Xi;Xi — partition function
ΟU+039F&Omicron;Omicron (uppercase)
ΠU+03A0&Pi;Pi — product operator Π; prime product
ΡU+03A1&Rho;Rho (uppercase)
ΣU+03A3&Sigma;Sigma — summation, covariance matrix
ΤU+03A4&Tau;Tau (uppercase)
ΥU+03A5&Upsilon;Upsilon (uppercase)
ΦU+03A6&Phi;Phi — magnetic flux, work function
ΧU+03A7&Chi;Chi (uppercase) — characteristic function
ΨU+03A8&Psi;Psi — wave function (quantum mechanics)
ΩU+03A9&Omega;Omega — Big-Ω notation; ohm (also electrical)

Geometry & Measurement

Symbols for geometric relationships, shapes, angles, and measurement.

SymbolUnicodeHTML EntityUsage / Description
°U+00B0&deg; &#x00b0;Degree unit of measurement
U+221F&angrt; &#8735;Right angle
U+299C&vangrt; &#10652;Right angle with square
U+2220&#8736;Angle
U+2221&#8737;Measured angle
U+2222&#8738;Spherical angle
U+22BE&#8894;Right angle with arc
U+22BF&#8895; &lrtri;Right triangle
U+29A6&#x29A6;
U+299F&#10655;Acute angle
U+2225&#8741; &par; &shortparallel;Parallel to
U+2226&#8742; &nparallel;Not parallel to
U+22D5&epar;Equal and parallel to
U+22A5&perp;Perpendicular to
U+2245&#8773;Congruent to
U+223C&#8764;Similar to
U+25B3&#9651;Triangle (geometric shape)
U+25BD&#9661;Inverted triangle
U+25A1&#9633;Square
U+25C7&#9671;Diamond / rhombus
U+25CB&#9675;Circle
U+2300&#8960;Diameter symbol
πU+03C0&pi;Pi — circle circumference ratio
U+2234&there4;Therefore (geometry proofs)
U+2235&#8757;Because (geometry proofs)

Arrows & Mappings

Used in function notation, logical implication, limits, sequences, and commutative diagrams.

SymbolUnicodeHTML EntityUsage / Description
U+2192&rarr;Right arrow; function mapping f: A→B
U+2190&larr;Left arrow
U+2194&harr;Left-right arrow; bijection, iff (informal)
U+2191&uarr;Up arrow; diverges to infinity
U+2193&darr;Down arrow; decreasing sequence
U+2195&#8597;Up-down arrow
U+21D2&rArr;Double right arrow; logical implication
U+21D0&lArr;Double left arrow; reverse implication
U+21D4&hArr;Double left-right arrow; if and only if (iff)
U+21D1&uArr;Double up arrow
U+21D3&dArr;Double down arrow
U+21D5&#8661;Double up-down arrow
U+21A6&#8614;Maps to; element mapping x ↦ f(x)
U+21A3&#8611;Rightwards arrow with tail; injection
U+21A0&#8608;Rightwards two headed arrow; surjection
U+21AA&#8618;Rightwards arrow with hook; inclusion/injection
U+27F6&#10230;Long rightwards arrow
U+27F5&#10229;Long leftwards arrow
U+27F7&#10231;Long left-right arrow
U+27F9&#10233;Long double rightwards arrow; strong implication
U+27F8&#10232;Long double leftwards arrow
U+27FA&#10234;Long double left-right arrow; iff (long form)
U+2197&#8599;North-east arrow
U+2198&#8600;South-east arrow
U+2199&#8601;South-west arrow
U+2196&#8598;North-west arrow
U+21DD&#8669;Rightwards squiggly arrow; weak maps to
U+21DC&#8668;Leftwards squiggly arrow
U+21BA&#8634;Counterclockwise open circle arrow
U+21BB&#8635;Clockwise open circle arrow

Number Sets & Letterlike Symbols

Blackboard bold / double-struck letters and other letterlike symbols for named number sets and constants.

SymbolUnicodeHTML EntityUsage / Description
U+2115&#8469;Natural numbers {0, 1, 2, 3, …}
𝐍U+1D40D&#x1D40D;
U+2124&#8484;Integers {…, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, …}
𝐙U+1D419&#x1D419;
U+211A&#8474;Rational numbers (fractions p/q)
𝗤U+1D5E4&#x1D5E4;
U+211D&#8477;Real numbers
𝐑U+1D411&#x1D411;
U+2102&#8450;Complex numbers a + bi
𝐂U+1D402&#x1D402;
U+210D&#8461;Quaternions
U+2119&#8473;Prime numbers / projective space
𝔸U+1D538&#120120;Double-struck A (affine space)
𝔹U+1D539&#120121;Double-struck B (Boolean)
𝔽U+1D53D&#120125;Double-struck F (field)
U+2135&alefsym;Aleph — cardinality of infinite sets (ℵ₀)
U+2136&#8502;Beth — beth numbers in set theory
U+2137&#8503;Gimel — gimel function
U+2138&#8504;Dalet — dalet numbers
U+2113&#8467;Script l — length, litre, angular quantum number
U+210F&#8463;h-bar — reduced Planck constant (ℏ = h/2π)
U+211C&real;Real part of a complex number ℜ(z)
U+2111&image;Imaginary part of a complex number ℑ(z)
U+212E&#8366;Estimated sign
U+2105&#8453;Care of (c/o)
U+2116&#8470;Numero sign
U+2122&trade;Trade mark sign

Dots, Ellipses & Separator Symbols

Used to denote continuation, ratios, proportions, and sequences.

SymbolUnicodeHTML EntityUsage / Description
·U+00B7&middot;Middle dot; multiplication, decimal separator
U+2219&#8729;Bullet operator; dot product
U+22C5&#8901;Dot operator (preferred for math multiplication)
U+22EF&#8943;Midline horizontal ellipsis (a₁ + a₂ + ⋯ + aₙ)
U+22EE&#8942;Vertical ellipsis (matrix columns)
U+22F1&#8945;Down-right diagonal ellipsis (diagonal matrices)
U+22F0&#8944;Up-right diagonal ellipsis
U+2026&hellip;Horizontal ellipsis (general text)
U+2234&there4;Therefore (three dots triangle up)
U+2235&#8757;Because (three dots triangle down)
U+2236&#8758;Ratio (typographic colon for a∶b)
U+2237&#8759;Proportion (a∶b∷c∶d)
U+2238&#8760;Dot minus
U+2239&#8761;Excess
U+223A&#8762;Geometric proportion
U+223B&#8763;Homothetic
U+2250&#8784;Approaches the limit
U+2251&#8785;Geometrically equal to

Delimiters, Brackets & Fences

Paired delimiters used to group expressions, denote floor/ceiling, and indicate norms.

SymbolUnicodeHTML EntityUsage / Description
U+230A&#8970;Left floor bracket — ⌊x⌋ floor function
U+230B&#8971;Right floor bracket
U+2308&#8968;Left ceiling bracket — ⌈x⌉ ceiling function
U+2309&#8969;Right ceiling bracket
U+27E8&#10216;Mathematical left angle bracket (bra-ket)
U+27E9&#10217;Mathematical right angle bracket
U+27E6&#10214;Mathematical left white square bracket
U+27E7&#10215;Mathematical right white square bracket
U+2016&#8214;Double vertical line; norm ‖v‖
U+2223&#8739;Divides (a∣b); absolute value delimiter
U+2224&#8740;Does not divide
|U+007C&#124;Vertical bar; absolute value, given (P(A|B))
U+231C&#8988;Top-left corner bracket
U+231D&#8989;Top-right corner bracket
U+231E&#8990;Bottom-left corner bracket
U+231F&#8991;Bottom-right corner bracket
U+2983&#10627;Left white curly bracket
U+2984&#10628;Right white curly bracket

Currency

SymbolUnicodeHTML EntityDescription
$U+0024 &#x0024; &dollar;United States dollar
U+20AC &#8364; &euro;Euro
£U+20A4 20&#163; A4 &pound;Pound sterling
¥U+ &#165; &yen;Japanese yen / yuan
¢U+00A2&#x00A2; &cent; &#162;United States cent
U+20B9 &#8377;Indian rupee
U+20A8 &#8360;Rupee sign
U+20B1&#8369;Peso Sign
U+20A9&#8361;Korean won
฿U+ &#3647;Thai baht
U+20AB &#8363;Vietnamese đồng
U+20AA&#8362;Shekel sign
¤U+00A4 &#164; &curren;Currency sign (generic)
U+20A120A1Colón sign
U+20A020A0European currency unit
U+20A320A3French franc
U+20A220A2Cruzeiro sign
U+20BF&#x20BF; &#8383;Bitcoin sign
Source
UnicodeWHATWG — HTML StandardUnicodePlusUnicode — Full Emoji List, v17.0

EDK-Tech

I’m an emerging IT and electronics technician focused on building strong foundational skills in networking, connectivity, and hands‑on system troubleshooting. Alongside my IT and electronics work, I have experience in web development and WordPress engineering, including custom plugin development, shortcode systems, UI/UX improvements, and modular, scalable code design. I enjoy creating tools that solve real problems, improve workflows, and enhance the user experience.

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