Unicode includes over 2,000 math-related characters — from simple superscripts and fractions to full Greek alphabets and advanced calculus operators.
How to Use Unicode in Any Environment (Quick Rules)
Examples (using U+2212 MINUS SIGN −):
HTML (safe everywhere) Decimal: − Hex: −
CSS\2212(1–6 hex digits; add a space if next char is alphanumeric)
JavaScript (ES6+)\u{2212}
JavaScript / JSON (legacy)\u2212
Python\u2212 or \U00002212(always valid)
Regex (PCRE)\x{2212}
SQL (PostgreSQL)U&'\2212'
SQL (MySQL / SQL Server / SQLite)NCHAR(8722)
Shell (ANSI‑C quoting)$'\u2212'
Syntax Form
Systems
&#xHHHH; / &#D;
HTML, XML, SVG, SGML
\HHHH
CSS (1–6 digits, space to terminate)
\u{HHHH}
JS ES6+, PHP, Ruby, Rust, Swift, PowerShell
\uHHHH
JS ES5, Java, Kotlin, C#, JSON, Go, Scala
\UHHHHHHHH
Python, Go, C, C++ (8-digit, capital U)
\x{HHHH}
PCRE Regex, PHP preg_match
$'\uHHHH'
Bash/Shell (ANSI-C quoting)
U&'\HHHH'
PostgreSQL
CHAR(D) / NCHAR(D)
MySQL, SQLite, SQL Server (decimal)
%XX%XX%XX
URL percent-encoding (UTF-8 bytes)
𝚫 U+1D6AB
Mathematical Superscripts
Superscript characters render above the baseline — ideal for exponents, powers, footnote markers, and ordinal suffixes without needing HTML <sup> tags.
Symbol
Unicode
HTML Entity
Usage / Description
⁰
U+2070
⁰
Superscript zero
¹
U+00B9
¹ / ¹
Superscript one; first power
²
U+00B2
² / ²
Superscript two; squared
³
U+00B3
³ / ³
Superscript three; cubed
⁴
U+2074
⁴
Superscript four
⁵
U+2075
⁵
Superscript five
⁶
U+2076
⁶
Superscript six
⁷
U+2077
⁷
Superscript seven
⁸
U+2078
⁸
Superscript eight
⁹
U+2079
⁹
Superscript nine
⁺
U+207A
⁺
Superscript plus sign
⁻
U+207B
⁻
Superscript minus; negative exponents (e.g., x⁻¹)
⁼
U+207C
⁼
Superscript equals
⁽
U+207D
⁽
Superscript left parenthesis
⁾
U+207E
⁾
Superscript right parenthesis
ⁿ
U+207F
ⁿ
Superscript letter n; used in xⁿ
ⁱ
U+2071
ⁱ
Superscript letter i; imaginary unit contexts
ᵃ
U+1D43
ᵃ
Superscript letter a
ᵇ
U+1D47
ᵇ
Superscript letter b
ᶜ
U+1D9C
ᶜ
Superscript letter c
ᵈ
U+1D48
ᵈ
Superscript letter d
ᵉ
U+1D49
ᵉ
Superscript letter e; Euler’s number notation
ᶠ
U+1DA0
ᶠ
Superscript letter f
ᵍ
U+1D4D
ᵍ
Superscript letter g
ʰ
U+02B0
ʰ
Superscript letter h
ʲ
U+02B2
ʲ
Superscript letter j
ᵏ
U+1D4F
ᵏ
Superscript letter k
ˡ
U+02E1
ˡ
Superscript letter l
ᵐ
U+1D50
ᵐ
Superscript letter m
ᵒ
U+1D52
ᵒ
Superscript letter o
ᵖ
U+1D56
ᵖ
Superscript letter p
ʳ
U+02B3
ʳ
Superscript letter r
ˢ
U+02E2
ˢ
Superscript letter s
ᵗ
U+1D57
ᵗ
Superscript letter t
ᵘ
U+1D58
ᵘ
Superscript letter u
ᵛ
U+1D5B
ᵛ
Superscript letter v
ʷ
U+02B7
ʷ
Superscript letter w
ˣ
U+02E3
ˣ
Superscript letter x
ʸ
U+02B8
ʸ
Superscript letter y
ᶻ
U+1DBB
ᶻ
Superscript letter z
Mathematical Subscripts
Subscript characters sit below the baseline — used for chemical formulas, variable indices, and mathematical notation.
Symbol
Unicode
HTML Entity
Usage / Description
₀
U+2080
₀
Subscript zero; base index
₁
U+2081
₁
Subscript one; x₁ variable notation
₂
U+2082
₂
Subscript two; H₂O
₃
U+2083
₃
Subscript three; CO₃
₄
U+2084
₄
Subscript four
₅
U+2085
₅
Subscript five
₆
U+2086
₆
Subscript six
₇
U+2087
₇
Subscript seven
₈
U+2088
₈
Subscript eight
₉
U+2089
₉
Subscript nine
₊
U+208A
₊
Subscript plus
₋
U+208B
₋
Subscript minus
₌
U+208C
₌
Subscript equals
₍
U+208D
₍
Subscript left parenthesis
₎
U+208E
₎
Subscript right parenthesis
ₐ
U+2090
ₐ
Subscript letter a
ₑ
U+2091
ₑ
Subscript letter e
ₒ
U+2092
ₒ
Subscript letter o
ₓ
U+2093
ₓ
Subscript letter x; xₓ
ₔ
U+2094
ₔ
Subscript schwa
ₕ
U+2095
ₕ
Subscript letter h
ₖ
U+2096
ₖ
Subscript letter k
ₗ
U+2097
ₗ
Subscript letter l
ₘ
U+2098
ₘ
Subscript letter m
ₙ
U+2099
ₙ
Subscript letter n; xₙ
ₚ
U+209A
ₚ
Subscript letter p
ₛ
U+209B
ₛ
Subscript letter s
ₜ
U+209C
ₜ
Subscript letter t
Fractions
Pre-composed fraction characters — display as single glyphs without any markup.
Symbol
Unicode
HTML Entity
Usage / Description
½
U+00BD
½
One half
⅓
U+2153
⅓ ⅓
One third
⅔
U+2154
⅔ ⅔
Two thirds
¼
U+00BC
¼
One quarter
¾
U+00BE
¾
Three quarters
⅕
U+2155
⅕ ⅕
One fifth
⅖
U+2156
⅖ ⅖
Two fifths
⅗
U+2157
⅗ ⅗
Three fifths
⅘
U+2158
⅘ ⅘
Four fifths
⅙
U+2159
⅙ ⅙
One sixth
⅚
U+215A
⅚ ⅚
Five sixths
⅛
U+215B
⅛ ⅛
One eighth
⅜
U+215C
⅜ ⅜
Three eighths
⅝
U+215D
⅝ ⅝
Five eighths
⅞
U+215E
⅞ ⅞
Seven eighths
⅐
U+2150
⅐ &frac17;
One seventh
⅑
U+2151
⅑ &frac19;
One ninth
⅒
U+2152
⅒
One tenth
⅟
U+215F
⅟
Fraction numerator one
Arithmetic Operators
Core operators for arithmetic expressions — beyond the standard keyboard + and −.
Symbol
Unicode
HTML Entity
Usage / Description
+
U+002B
++
Plus sign (standard)
⁄
U+2044
⁄ ⁄
Fraction slash
−
U+2212
− −
Minus sign (proper typographic minus, not hyphen)
×
U+00D7
×
Multiplication sign
U+2062
⁢⁢⁢
Invisible multiplication sign
÷
U+00F7
÷ div;
Division sign
±
U+00B1
±
Plus-or-minus; tolerances, ranges
∓
U+2213
∓∓ ∓ ∓
Minus-or-plus
∕
U+2215
∕
Division slash
∙
U+2219
∙
Bullet operator; dot product shorthand
⋅
U+22C5
⋅⋅⋅
Dot operator; scalar multiplication (a⋅b)
∗
U+2217
∗
Asterisk operator; convolution, complex conjugate
√
U+221A
√ √
Square root
∛
U+221B
∛
Cube root
∜
U+221C
∜
Fourth root
∝
U+221D
∝
Proportional to
∞
U+221E
∞∞
Infinity
%
U+0025
%
Percent
‰
U+2030
‰
Per mille (per thousand)
‱
U+2031
‱ ‱
Per ten thousand
∶
U+2236
∶
Ratio (typographic colon for a∶b)
Notation Modifiers / Derivative Marks
Symbol
Unicode
HTML Entity
Usage / Description
′
U+2034
′
Prime
″
U+2033
″
Double prime
‴
U+2034
‴
Triple prime
Relational & Comparison Operators
Used to express equality, inequality, ordering, and approximation between values.
Symbol
Unicode
HTML Entity
Usage / Description
=
U+003D
=
Equals
≠
U+2260
≠
Not equal to
<
U+003C
<
Less than
>
U+003E
>
Greater than
≤
U+2264
≤
Less than or equal to
≥
U+2265
≥
Greater than or equal to
≪
U+226A
≪
Much less than
≫
U+226B
≫
Much greater than
≈
U+2248
≈
Approximately equal to
≉
U+2249
≉
Not approximately equal to
≡
U+2261
≡
Identical to / triple equals
≢
U+2262
≢
Not identical to
≅
U+2245
≅
Approximately equal (congruent)
≃
U+2243
≃
Asymptotically equal to
∼
U+223C
∼
Tilde operator; similar to / distributed as
≁
U+2241
≁
Not tilde (not similar)
≲
U+2272
≲
Less than or equivalent to
≳
U+2273
≳
Greater than or equivalent to
≶
U+2276
≶
Less than or greater than
≷
U+2277
≷
Greater than or less than
≺
U+227A
≺
Precedes
≻
U+227B
≻
Succeeds
⊏
U+228F
⊏
Square image of
⊐
U+2290
⊐
Square original of
⊑
U+2291
⊑
Square image of or equal to
⊒
U+2292
⊒
Square original of or equal to
Calculus & Analysis
Symbols used in differential calculus, integral calculus, series, and mathematical analysis.
Symbol
Unicode
HTML Entity
Usage / Description
∂
U+2202
∂
Partial derivative
∫
U+222B
∫
Integral
∬
U+222C
∬
Double integral
∭
U+222D
∭
Triple integral
∮
U+222E
∮
Contour integral (closed loop)
∯
U+222F
∯
Surface integral
∰
U+2230
∰
Volume integral
∑
U+2211
∑
Summation (sigma)
∏
U+220F
∏
Product notation (pi product)
∐
U+2210
∐
Coproduct
∆
U+2206
∆
Increment / Laplacian (Delta)
∇
U+2207
∇
Nabla / del / gradient operator
∞
U+221E
∞
Infinity
ℓ
U+2113
ℓ
Script small l; length / litre / quantum number
ℏ
U+210F
ℏ
h-bar; reduced Planck constant
ε
U+03B5
ε
Epsilon; small positive quantity in limits
δ
U+03B4
δ
Delta; small change, Dirac delta
lim
(text)
lim
Limit notation (use with subscript)
d
U+0064
d
Differential d (roman d for dx, dy notation)
Logic & Set Theory
Symbols for propositional logic, predicate logic, and set operations.
Symbol
Unicode
HTML Entity
Usage / Description
∀
U+2200
∀
For all (universal quantifier)
∃
U+2203
∃
There exists (existential quantifier)
∄
U+2204
∄
There does not exist
¬
U+00AC
¬
Logical NOT
∧
U+2227
∧
Logical AND (conjunction)
∨
U+2228
∨
Logical OR (disjunction)
⊕
U+2295
⊕
Exclusive OR (XOR); direct sum
⊗
U+2297
⊗
Tensor product; XOR in some notations
⊙
U+2299
⊙
Circled dot; XNOR / direct product
⊞
U+229E
⊞
Squared plus
⊟
U+229F
⊟
Squared minus
∈
U+2208
∈
Element of; membership
∉
U+2209
∉
Not an element of
∋
U+220B
∋
Contains as member (∋ reversed ∈)
∌
U+220C
∌
Does not contain as member
∪
U+222A
∪
Union
∩
U+2229
∩
Intersection
⊂
U+2282
⊂
Subset of (proper)
⊃
U+2283
⊃
Superset of (proper)
⊆
U+2286
⊆
Subset of or equal to
⊇
U+2287
⊇
Superset of or equal to
⊄
U+2284
⊄
Not a subset of
⊅
U+2285
⊅
Not a superset of
∅
U+2205
∅
Empty set
∖
U+2216
∖
Set minus / set difference
△
U+25B3
△
Symmetric difference (triangle)
∴
U+2234
∴
Therefore
∵
U+2235
∵
Because / since
⊢
U+22A2
⊢
Turnstile; proves / entails
⊣
U+22A3
⊣
Reverse turnstile
⊤
U+22A4
⊤
Tautology / top element (True)
⊥
U+22A5
⊥
Contradiction / bottom element (False)
⊨
U+22A8
⊨
Models / semantic entailment
⊬
U+22AC
⊬
Does not prove
Greek Letters — Lowercase
Greek letters are fundamental to mathematics, physics, and engineering notation.
Symbol
Unicode
HTML Entity
Common Math Usage
α
U+03B1
α
Alpha — angle, coefficient, significance level
β
U+03B2
β
Beta — angle, beta distribution, beta function
γ
U+03B3
γ
Gamma — Euler–Mascheroni constant, gamma function
δ
U+03B4
δ
Delta — small change, Dirac delta, Kronecker delta
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