| Host layers | 7 | Application | Data | High-level protocols such as for resource sharing or remote file access, e.g. HTTP. | DNS, HTTP, HTTPS, FTP some text, POP, IMAP, SMTP, SNMP |
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| 6 | Presentation | Translation of data between a networking service and an application; including character encoding, data compression and encryption/decryption | MIME, SSL/TLS, XDR |
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| 5 | Session | Managing communication sessions, i.e., continuous exchange of information in the form of multiple back-and-forth transmissions between two nodes | Named pipe, NetBIOS, SAP, PPTP, RTP, SOCKS, X.225, Domain Name Sytem, Remote Procedure Call, Network File System |
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| 4 | Transport | Segment, Datagram | Reliable transmission of data segments between points on a network, including segmentation, acknowledgement, and multiplexing | TCP, UDP, SCTP, DCCP, SPX |
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| Media layers | 3 | Network | Packet | Structuring and managing a multi-node network, including addressing, routing and traffic control | IP (IPv4, IPv6), ICMP, IPsec, IGMP, IPX, IS-IS, AppleTalk, X.25, PLP, RIP |
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| 2 | Datalink | Frame | Transmission of data frames between two nodes connected by a physical layer | ATM, ARP, Synchronous Data Link Control, High-Level Data Link Control, CSLIP, Serial Line Interface Protocol, GFP, PLIP, IEEE 802.2, LLC, MAC, L2TP, IEEE 802.3, Frame Relay, ITU-T G.hn DLL, Point-to-Point Protocol, X.25 LAPB, Q.922 Link Access Procedure, STP |
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| 1 | Physical | Bit, Symbol | Transmission and reception of raw bit streams over a physical medium | RS-232, RS-449, ITU-T V-Series, I.430, I.431, PDH, SONET/SDH, PON, OTN, DSL, IEEE 802.3, IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 1394, ITU-T G.hn PHY, USB, Bluetooth |
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